Written by: Rebecca Chenevert and Daniel Litwok

In the workplace, we expect age to be an important factor in how much people are paid—as we get older, we gain experience and our value to employers increases. However, that expectation may not hold for those who leave the workforce for an extended period of time, for reasons including raising children or getting additional education.

We can study the link between age and experience through the Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), which asks people detailed questions about their current and past employment. The answers respondents provide make it possible to see how age, education, experience and earnings relate to each other.

Figure 1 shows work experience by age separately for men and women and for levels of educational attainment.

We can see that women have similar levels of experience as men early in their careers.  However, on average, women accumulate experience more slowly starting around age 25. This information comes from the 2008 SIPP and  is consistent with mothers staying home with young children more often than fathers do (for additional information on the ages of mothers and those who stay home, see  America’s Families and Living Arrangements: 2007 and Births: Final Data for 2008).

We also found that working-age people without a high school degree (or equivalent) spend less time working than their peers. High school graduates of every age group have more work experience than people without degrees in the same age group. The difference grows as they age; people without a high school diploma gain an additional 4.6 years of experience as they age from 22 to 30. Those with a diploma gain an average of 5.9 years of experience.

The SIPP data have rich information about earnings.  For information about how work experience and length of time with a particular employer is associated with earnings, please see www.census.gov/people/laborforce/.

For detailed statistics by age, experience and job tenure, please see www.census.gov/people/laborforce/publications/employment_history.html.

Written by: Jeff Sisson

 Have you ever wondered about the median income of your hometown? Or maybe you just want to know the population. These are some of the questions our data users often ask, and it is feedback we are listening to as we continue to evolve American FactFinder from the version first released two years ago.  Over the past 12 months, we have been working to improve American FactFinder based on feedback we have received since the initial launch in January 2011.

Today we released two enhancements to help FactFinder users find the statistics they need, whether they are experienced with our site or brand new to it. Community Facts will give users easy access to data about a state, city, town or ZIP code. Once you enter a geography, just hit “go” and you will have immediate access to popular facts, such as total population, median age, educational attainment, median household income and individuals below the poverty level. For example, when I look up my hometown of Ithaca, New York (the town of Ithaca), I find the median income is $60,029.

You can then explore related tables linked below each fact to see more statistics from popular data sets, such as the American Community Survey, which provides annual detailed local-level statistics for even the smallest areas.

In addition, if you need a little more help navigating to a specific statistic, you can now use our Guided Search feature. It will lead you step by step through your search, starting with asking you what type of information you need (such as information about people, housing or business and industry) and then asking you to narrow down by topic, geography (such as a city, town or even census tract), and in some cases races or ethnicity. If you are not familiar with using our data, this may be the option for you.

For experienced data users, never fear, you can still use the FactFinder you are familiar with by going to the Advanced Search option. And while not as significant as Community Facts or Guided Navigation, we have improved advanced search by enhancing the Search Within Results features as well as other minor enhancements.  In addition, you will now find a link from the FactFinder home page to download options, which provides information about the various ways you can download data from American FactFinder, as well as links to other download resources.

These updates are based on your feedback and are just one of the ways we are making our statistics and information easier to find, share, download and customize.

As we continue to measure America’s people, places and economy, we are giving you a variety of tools to access the data. The API we released last summer provides developers with the opportunity to create their own apps using Census Bureau data. Casual users can also find answers to a variety of data questions from visiting the census.gov homepage and using either QuickFacts or Easy Stats.

Written by: Bill Bostic

The 2012 Economic Census is now in full swing and businesses throughout the U.S. have received the questionnaire.  On Jan. 24, 2013, at 1 p.m. EST, we will host our second webinar.  This hour-long instructional webinar provides information for businesses who are preparing to respond to the 2012 Economic Census.  The webinar will cover the following topics:

• Your reporting options, including our NEW Direct Internet Reporting system and a demo of this tool
• Tours of the Business Help Site and business.census.gov websites
• Materials available to help make reporting easier
• Information for associations, chambers of commerce, and the media to use to promote response to the economic census

No preregistration is required.  For more information on how to participate, visit the webinar page at business.census.gov/webinar.

Our first economic census webinar was held on Oct. 11, 2012, and focused on why businesses should respond to the 2012 Economic Census and how industry organizations could assist them.  If you missed the first webinar, you can find links to the presentation and other materials at business.census.gov/webinar.

Forms went out to nearly 4 million businesses, including large, medium and small companies representing all U.S. locations and industries. To create a snapshot of the American economy, the census asks businesses to provide basic information on revenue, employment and payroll, and industry-specific topics such as the products and services they provide.

This information provides reliable business statistics that are essential to understanding the American economy.  Businesses use economic census data to compare their operations to industry norms, find markets, and to inform key decisions, including are your employees as productive as the industry average?

Mark your calendar now, and find out why response makes a difference!

Written by:  Stephen F. Jones

Are you interested in creating maps that display 2010 Census Population and Housing data for use in reports, presentations, or general viewing?  If so, then the Census Data Mapper is an application you should explore.  The beta version of the application is now available for use at the following URL: http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/datamapper.html.  

This web mapping application provides users with a simple interface to view, customize, save and print thematic maps of the United States, using data from the 2010 Census.  The beta version contains a set of 2010 Census data relating to age and sex, population and race, and family and housing in the United States by county or equivalent entity.  The map design and layout were created by Census Bureau cartographers and are similar to that used on standard Census Bureau map products.

Software Functionality

Users can customize the map display by choosing the number of data classes, selecting from a series of predefined fill colors, and selecting the type of data classification. 

The interface also allows users to explore the data sets by viewing information on the map and in tabular form.  Selecting a geographic unit on the map will result in the corresponding value in the data table being highlighted and vice versa.

Maps created within the application can be saved to your computer in PDF format and subsequently viewed and printed through Adobe Acrobat Reader.  The PDF will be a finished map product containing only the map image, and not the other graphics from the web page, and suitable for use in presentations and reports.

Future Plans

The current beta version of the software contains just over 20 data items from the 2010 Census, but future versions will include many more and may also include other data sets.  Future versions may also include data and maps for different levels of census geography. 

For future software releases, we are exploring new ways to improve the quality of the map and reduce file size.

The Census Bureau is interested in getting feedback from users on the usefulness of the application and desired future enhancements. We hope you will provide us with your comments, suggestions, and future needs so we can improve the product in future releases.  Please email responses and feedback to geo.geography@census.gov.

The U.S. population is projected to grow at a slower pace over the coming years than was projected four years ago, according to new population projections released today. So, how much is the U.S. population expected to grow over the next several decades?  Moreover, how and why has the projected growth rate of the population changed between the 2008 and 2012 series?

What difference does four years make?  The population projections are based on assumptions about the future levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration that are based on past trends. The new series of projections incorporates data that are more recent on births, deaths, and net international migration.  Fertility and international migration have declined in recent years. The annual number of births in the United States has been declining since 2008, while the number of net international migrants began to decline after 2001. Growth of the population is contingent on births, deaths, and migration. Declines in births and migration reduce the population’s growth rate, while decreases in deaths increase population size.

According to the 2012 National Projections, the U.S. population is projected to be around 399.8 million in 2050.  In the 2008 series, the population was projected to be around 439.0 million.  The new series projects 39.2 million fewer people living in the United States in 2050 than the 2008 series (Figure 1).

What is driving this difference?  The most important driver is international migration (Figure 2).  The 2012 series projects 41.2 million net number of international migrants, while the series released in 2008 projected 65.6 million net migrants – a difference of 24.4 million. The next largest driver of this difference is the projection of births.  The 2008 series projected 193.2 million births to occur between 2012 and 2050.  The 2012 series projects fewer births, just over 175 million for the 38-year period. The total number of projected deaths was also lower in the 2012 series, which projected 128.4 million compared to the 133.1 million deaths projected in the 2008 series (a difference of 4.6 million).  Finally, the 2012 National Projections are based on a smaller population in 2011 than what was projected in the 2008 series.  In 2011, the Census Bureau estimated there were 311.6 million people living in the United States.  This estimate is 1.6 million lower than the projected population in 2011 from the 2008 National Projections.

When we add up the numbers, 24.4 million fewer migrants plus 17.8 million fewer births minus 4.6 million fewer deaths plus 1.6 million difference in the estimates of the population for the population in 2011, we arrive at the total difference of 39.2 million.

More information about the Census Bureau’s population projections, including the new series of tables with results from the 2012 National Projections, is available at: http://www.census.gov/population/projections/.

How Does the Census Bureau Measure the Future Population?

Written by: Jennifer M. Ortman

Have you ever wondered how the Census Bureau projects the future population of the United States? We start with a few basic questions: How many people currently reside in the United States? How many births will there be? How many people will die? How many people will move to the United States? How many people will move out of the United States? The answers to these questions are the basis of our population projections. Once we answer these questions, calculating the future population is simple. We just add the number of births and people who move in to the current population, subtract the number of deaths and those who leave, and see how the demographic future unfolds!

Looking at the Details

The Census Bureau projects the size and characteristics (age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin) of the future population using the most current estimates of the U.S. population. Projections are produced for future years one year at a time based on the components of population change – births, deaths, and international migrants. Assumptions about the future number of births, deaths, and international migrants are based on past trends in these components.

To project deaths, we look at death rates, that is, the number of deaths per thousand population by age. Since these rates have been falling in recent years, we examine recent trends and assume that similar trends will continue into the future. We must decide, for example, to what extent recent reductions in old age mortality will continue. Similarly, for births, we look at fertility rates, that is, the number of births per women in the childbearing ages. Rates have been falling in recent years. Will these downward trends continue? We try to find a balance between these recent trends and what are likely to be the longer-term trends.

International migration is projected as the difference between the number of immigrants who come to the United States and the number of emigrants who leave from the United States each year. Levels of international migration over the past several decades are evaluated to determine how many migrants can be expected to come in the future. The level of international migration increased steadily during the 1980s and 1990s, reaching an annual peak of 1.2 million in 2001. Over the course of the first decade of the 2000s, the number of net international migrants decreased, reaching a level around 725,000 in 2011. We must decide whether more recent short-term declines in international migration will persist into the future, or if the levels of net international migration will ultimately continue to increase following the longer-term trends. Again, we try to find a balance between these recent trends and the longer-term trends.

Once assumptions about fertility, mortality, and international migration have been made, we can produce the population projections. For each projected year, we begin with the population for the previous year and age that population forward one year, so that newborns are now 1 year old, 1 year olds are now 2, etc. Next, we calculate the number of births by applying the projected fertility rates to the female population in that year. We then add the projected number of births and immigrants to the population at the beginning of that year. Deaths for that year are calculated by applying the projected mortality rates to the population in that year. The projected number of deaths and emigrants are then subtracted from the population. The result is the projected population for the next year. This process is repeated for each year of the projection series, by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, typically for a total of 50 years. Through repeating this process, we see how the future will unfold from a demographer’s perspective.

The Census Bureau’s population projections are used by researchers, policymakers, businesses, and other government agencies for a variety of purposes. A topic of great interest is the aging of the population. Projections of the old-age population are of particular interest for those assessing government programs such as Medicare and Social Security. Projections of the working-age population, typically between the ages of 20 and 64, are of interest to businesses and service providers attempting to evaluate future demand for their products and services as well as the means of supplying those goods. Projections of births and the population under the age of 18 are of interest to educators tasked with planning for future demands on the education system.

For Further Information

For more information about the Census Bureau’s population projections, including the methodology used to produce our most recent projections and results, please visit:  http://www.census.gov/population/projections/.

Written by:  Alison Fields and Robert Kominski

Have you moved in the last five years? Earlier today, the Census Bureau released a collection of data on rates of migration, or “geographic mobility.” Between 2011 and 2012, 12 percent of people in the country over age 1 moved at least once. This showed that the rate of yearly migration increased, compared with the previous year’s all-time low of 11.6 percent.

The population of the United States is considered highly mobile. Each year, people move from their place of birth or current residence to live somewhere else in their city, county, state or the nation. When and where people move has a huge impact on the local demographics and economies of the places where they used to live and where they live now.

Knowing the number and some details about movers in and out of a place is part of information on the population that helps the federal government plan for emergency services following natural disasters. State and local planners use migration data for population forecasting and deciding where to put new hospitals, libraries and public schools. Private businesses use it to plan for opening new offices and stores for jobs and commerce.

Generally, we measure migration by asking someone if she was living at her current address at some specific point in the past, such as last year, last month or April 1, 2000. Many of our surveys use the period of one year, which is the case with annual data collected as part of the American Community Survey (ACS) and the question in the Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS). Some of the products released this week use data from these surveys but look at a longer period – asking, “Where did you live five years ago?”

The five-year question first appeared in 1940 as part of the long-form decennial census data collection. It provided migration data that could be cross-tabulated by a large assortment of social, demographic and economic characteristics, and for relatively small pieces of geography. Along with other questions added to the census that year, it helped measure the effects of the Great Depression. A five-year migration question was added to the CPS in 1975 to help provide an idea of patterns of movement for the beginning part of each decade.  It now appears in the CPS data collection every five years.

With the implementation of more routine surveys such as the CPS, it became possible to measure migration more frequently, and in 1948, we added the one-year migration question to the March CPS.  With the transition of decennial long-form data collection to the ACS in 2005, an annual migration question was added to that survey to take advantage of its larger sample and greater geographic precision. Even shorter-duration data has been collected as part of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), where we can identify moves down to the specific month.

Most of the information released today comes from the CPS. We can look back to 1948 and see the number of movers in the United States and the rate at which people are moving.

Although the rate people move reached an all-time low in 2011 and is now increasing, that does not tell us about the volume of the flow. This graph shows that even when the mover rate is low, there are many Americans moving. This movement affects change across the country. The ACS data released today on state-to-state migration flows is how we know where in the country to see the impact of the change, or where people are moving.

We also observe that the longer the period we ask about in the mover question, the greater the likelihood that someone will tell us that he experienced a move. For example, the CPS 2010 one-year rate of migration reported is 12.5 percent, while the 2010 five-year rate from CPS is 35 percent. Alternatively, 35 percent of people responded that they moved at least once in the last five years, but only 12.5 percent said the same for the previous one year.

Each of these sources provides different and valuable complementary data about the migration process, but because of a variety of operational and definitional contexts, also will not provide exactly comparable data or estimates. No one data collection effort provides the answer to every possible question, so we use multiple data opportunities to provide a fuller and more detailed picture of the issue. Collectively, the different information from these statistical products paints a more vivid picture of our nation’s movers.

More detail about the trends in domestic migration in the United States is available in the new set of products released today on the Geographic Mobility Page.

Read the Press Release

Easy Stats: Your Source for Easy-to-Use Data, At Your Fingertips

Written By: Nancy Potok

Yesterday we released Easy Stats, one of the latest web technology tools developed by the U.S. Census Bureau to make our data quicker and easier to access.  As its name suggests, Easy Stats provides a user-friendly way to retrieve timely statistics about our nation’s people, places and economy.

The Census Bureau is adding exciting new ways to deliver our data to you, making data more accessible in order to help you make informed decisions in your everyday life. Along with Easy Stats, our website transformation, our newly released mobile application, America’s Economy, and our API, we are transforming the way we deliver data to the public.

Through customer research and feedback, we realized that our visitors to census.gov shouldn’t have to work so hard to find the information and statistics they’re looking for to complete their research, personal projects or business needs. Since then, we’ve been working hard to revamp access to the nation’s crucial statistics.

This easy-to-use portal provides quick access to the wealth of statistics collected by the Census Bureau through the American Community Survey or ACS.  Through the innovation of the ACS, every community, every year, receives detailed statistics about its social, economic and housing characteristics. The Census Bureau is the only source of statistics at the local level every year that are consistent across the entire nation, giving even the smallest communities timely information essential for decision-making.

Because this information is so important, I’m delighted that Easy Stats now provides access in three simple steps. All you have to do is choose a topic, select your geography and hit display data. You also will have options to show various breakdowns by race, age, gender, veteran status and various geographic localities. This new interactive tool allows you to view the latest American Community Survey tables; search by geography down to the local level (including incorporated places, like cities and towns, and census designated places); view detailed racial, age and gender breakdowns; and compare communities.

In addition to counting on the Census Bureau for data accuracy and data integrity, Easy Stats enables you to count on the Census Bureau for increasing access to our important statistics.

Whether you are a local business owner writing a loan proposal, a city planner looking ahead to the future or you’re just simply writing a report or exploring your community, Easy Stats will be able to assist.

The Census Bureau is bringing data directly to your fingertips, and we invite you to discover your community today with Easy Stats.

While we continue these innovative and user-focused improvements, we hope you’ll provide feedback and share with us how you use these products to help you find the data you need. We’ve made it even easier to share feedback online and via email at cnmp.web.comments.list@census.gov.

Stay tuned in the coming weeks for an update on our next mobile app, “Dwellr,” which will provide another way of putting American Community Survey statistics at your fingertips.

You can also follow us on Facebook and Twitter @uscensusbureau for the latest updates, news and statistics about our changing nation’s people, places and economy.

Written by: Jennifer Cheeseman Day

Last week, an important milestone marked the maturity of the American Community Survey as an extension of the decennial census program. We released the Equal Employment Opportunity Tabulation, which for the first time is based on the American Community Survey.  Previously, this tabulation could only be accomplished using the decennial census long form.

This tabulation harnesses the full power of the vast statistics available from the American Community Survey, allowing us to look at the intersection of race, ethnicity and sex across detailed occupations for more than 6,500 unique geographic entities. The data for this tabulation were collected from 2006 to 2010.

These EEO tabulations provide a treasure trove of interesting statistics about who comprises the American workforce. For example, did you know you could use the estimates to determine that 110 financial analysts work in Los Angeles County and live in Orange County, Calif.? Or that 22 percent of flight attendants in Atlanta are between 40 and 44 years old? Or that 7.7 percent of cashiers in Austin, Texas, are non-Hispanic Asian and 5.0 percent of mechanical engineers in the transportation equipment manufacturing industry in Michigan are non-Hispanic black? These are just a few of the workforce characteristics we can learn through the American Community Survey statistics that are part of the EEO Tabulation.

Without the American Community Survey, these detailed tabulations, created for four sponsoring federal agencies, would not be possible. This immense tabulation serves as the primary benchmark for organizations wishing to compare the diversity of their labor force with the diversity of the areas from which they draw their workers, and for the federal government to monitor and enforce compliance with civil rights laws.

So what is the American Community Survey? It is the largest survey in the United States with a sample size of about 3.5 million housing unit addresses annually. Statistics are collected on an ongoing basis and yield aggregate estimates every year.  The ACS is designed to address the nation’s need for more current information on the characteristics of its population and housing.

The EEO tabulations are just one of many ways that communities use the American Community Survey to make decisions. The cumulative sample of the ACS taken over a five-year time period allows measurement of detailed characteristics in local geographies and increases precision of its estimates.

Here are some other examples of ACS statistics in action from the National Association of Home Builders, the Greater Houston Partnership and Target.

Today we released 2007 to 2011 American Community Survey estimates, giving you the ability to explore a variety of topics about your hometown and communities throughout the country. You can also explore the already-released EEO tabulations here.

Written by: Jennifer Cheeseman Day

Have you ever wondered about the diversity of your occupation?  What is its demographic composition, age distribution, educational attainment, earnings ranges, percent U.S. citizen, or from where people are commuting?  These questions and more can be answered using the new Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Tabulation, which will be available tomorrow, Nov. 29.

For the past five decades, the Census Bureau has had the job of measuring the diversity of the American workforce.  After the decennial censuses of 1970, ’80, ’90, and 2000, we published the “EEO Special File” tabulation, a comprehensive set of tables of the civilian workforce showing the demographic characteristics of sex, race, and ethnicity, by detailed occupation, for the nation, states, metro areas, counties, and places.

This immense tabulation serves as the primary benchmark for organizations wishing to compare the diversity of their labor force with the diversity of the areas from which they draw their workers, and for the federal government to monitor and enforce compliance with civil rights laws.  We are now publishing a new version of the EEO Tabulation based on the five-year American Community Survey (2006-2010) for the first time.

The new EEO Tabulation consists of 107 tables with about 6,500 different geographic entities, for residence, worksite, and commuting flows (that is, the connections between where people work and where they live). The tables include 488 detailed occupation categories based on the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification, 15 different race and ethnicity group combinations, and – for the first time – citizenship. The tables cover a wealth of additional information, including age, industry, earnings, educational attainment, and unemployment status.

This tabulation is so detailed, it took more than 1 trillion calculations to complete, yielding more than 19 billion statistics.

The Census Bureau created the EEO Tabulation for four sponsoring agencies: Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Department of Justice’s (DOJ) Employment Litigation Section of the Civil Rights Division, Department of Labor’s (DOL) Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) and Office of Personnel Management (OPM).

Economists, researchers, and business leaders will find that these statistics are the only source for counts of workers in specific occupations by sex, race and ethnicity, crossed by specific characteristics at such a local geographic level.  City planners will find that the tables provide extensive information on the movements of different populations between worksites and the communities in which they live. Researchers can explore the relationship between civil rights laws and equality in work opportunities. Labor specialists can study the geographic patterns in work opportunities or other geographic patterns in labor force characteristics.

These tabulations will be released tomorrow. We hope that by publishing this rich information source, easily accessible through the  American FactFinder on-line statistics search tool, it will help people in many fields discover new things about the American workforce.

If you would like to learn more, visit the Equal Employment Opportunity Tabulation page.

Written by: Jonathan Vespa and Jamie Lewis Thomas

New statistics released today show that American households are increasingly older, with 39 percent headed by someone 45 to 64 years old. In addition, the percentage headed by someone at least age 75 grew from 6 percent in 1960 to 10 percent in 2012.

But where do these older Americans live? Are there variations by region?

Some areas of the country are aging faster than others (see Figure). The Northeast region has the smallest share of under-30 households at 11 percent. Among households headed by 30- to 44-year-olds, the West had the largest share at 28 percent, followed by the South at 27 percent. The Northeast and Midwest have the smallest shares at 25 percent (and are not statistically different from one another).

In addition to having the smallest share of younger households, we also see more older households in the Northeast. Households headed by those 75 and older are concentrated in the Northeast, which has the largest share at 12 percent. The West has the smallest at 9 percent.

Although the tables released today do not explore these potential explanations, several factors may influence regional variation in the age of householders. These factors include the health of the older population, the strength of the job market in particular geographic areas, and geographic concentrations of immigrant populations, which tend to be younger than the native-born. For more information on immigrant populations, see the U.S. Census Bureau’s report on the foreign-born.

More detail about these trends and information on the living arrangements of America’s households, families, and children are available in a new series of tables released by the U.S. Census Bureau using the 2012 Current Population Survey.

Written by: Kathleen Short

In November 2011, the Census Bureau, with support from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, released the first set of estimates for the research supplemental poverty measure as suggested by an interagency technical working group. Today, the Census Bureau releases the second report describing research on the new supplemental poverty measure.

New in this report is a comparison of official poverty rates by state to estimates using the supplemental measure. The new measure creates a more complex statistical picture incorporating additional items, such as thresholds that vary geographically by housing costs, tax payments, work expenses and in-kind benefits in its family resource estimates. The supplemental measure is designed to provide a further understanding of economic conditions and trends for families and individuals.

Again, this is the first year state-level supplemental poverty estimates are available. The Census Bureau recommends the use of three-year averages to compare poverty rates across states using the Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement.(This is also the first year for which three years of supplemental poverty estimates are available to make the comparison with the official rates.) The three-year-average poverty rates for the U.S. for 2009-2011 were 15.0 percent with the official measure and 15.8 percent using the supplemental measure.

The map below shows the United States divided into three categories by state: states with higher and lower rates with the supplemental measure compared with the official measure, and states that are not statistically different between the two measures.

Higher supplemental poverty rates by state may occur because of many sources: geographic adjustments for housing costs, a different mix of housing tenure or metropolitan area status, or higher nondiscretionary expenses, such as taxes or medical expenses.

The supplemental poverty rates for the District of Columbia and 14 states are higher than the official poverty rates, as noted by the lighter shades. These states are California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York and Virginia.

Medium shades represent the 26 states where supplemental poverty rates are lower than the official poverty rates. These states are Alabama, Arkansas, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.

Lower supplemental poverty rates occur because of lower thresholds reflecting lower housing costs, a different mix of housing tenure or metropolitan area status, or more generous noncash benefits.

Darker shades are those 10 states that are not statistically different under the two measures and include Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah and Washington.

The interagency technical working group stated that the official poverty measure, as defined in Office of Management and Budget Statistical Policy Directive No. 14, will not be replaced by the supplemental poverty measure. It noted that the official measure is sometimes identified in legislation regarding program eligibility and funding distribution, while the supplemental measure will not be used in this way. The supplemental measure is designed to provide information on aggregate levels of economic need at a national level or within large subpopulations or areas and, as such, the supplemental measure will be an additional macroeconomic statistic providing further understanding of economic conditions and trends for families and individuals.

Written by: Katy Rossiter

The holiday season is upon us and for the Geography Division at the U.S. Census Bureau, the season starts with GIS Day!  Today is GIS Day, a worldwide celebration that highlights how geography and GIS can help answer questions.  Geographic information systems (GIS) combine software and data to display and analyze spatial information.  GIS allows us to visualize and interpret data through maps and charts, and in a way that is quick to understand.

At the Census Bureau, GIS plays an important role in our everyday work, not only in the Geography Division, but throughout the Census Bureau.  Whether it is using the OnTheMap tool to help answer questions about our working population or creating maps for our data visualization gallery to make data not only interesting and fun but also easier to understand, you will find GIS technology throughout census.gov.

In addition, we utilize GIS to be more efficient in our daily activities and we are now better able to share products with data users.  For example, GIS has allowed us to create and print millions of maps for taking a census in a relatively short period.  We are also able to provide GIS files that data users can use in their own GIS software and a web-mapping application with a web mapping service (WMS) for those who do not have their own GIS or want to stream our data as a base in their own applications.  We create maps, charts, reports, and tools so our data can be viewed spatially, all using GIS.

At the Census Bureau, we will be celebrating on November 15 with the Geospatial Summit for employees. The Geospatial Summit will bring awareness of geospatial technologies within the Census Bureau, allowing staff to broaden their knowledge through presentations and lightning talks, hands-on demonstrations and a map gallery showing some of the maps created using GIS. Learning from their colleagues through presentations on technologies, such as web-based mapping, enterprise GIS, geospatial data visualization, and web application development will help staff across the Census Bureau use geospatial technology in their work.  Geospatial technology will be used to better assign our field staff to conduct censuses and surveys, assist analysts reviewing data, improve the accuracy of our geospatial products and create products for the public to visualize our data.

Look for more blogs in the coming months that delve deeper into how the Census Bureau uses GIS technology.

Written by: Trudi Renwick

Since the publication of the first official U.S. poverty estimates in 1964, there has been a continuing debate about the best approach to measure income and poverty in the United States. An interagency technical working group recognized that alternative estimates of income and poverty can provide useful information to the public as well as to the federal government. Therefore, in 2009, it asked the Census Bureau, in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, to develop a new measure that will allow for an improved understanding of the economic well-being of American families and how federal policies affect those living in poverty. In November 2011, the Census Bureau released the first set of estimates for the research supplemental poverty measure, pertaining to 2010. The estimates for 2011 will be released next week.

The current official poverty measure was developed in the early 1960s, and only a few minor changes have been implemented since it was first adopted in 1969. The measure compares a family’s or individual’s before-tax cash income to a set of thresholds that vary by the size and ages of the family members. These official poverty calculations do not take into account the value of in-kind benefits, such as those provided by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and housing and energy assistance. 

The technical design of the supplemental poverty measure draws on the recommendations of a 1995 National Academy of Sciences report and the extensive research on poverty measurement conducted over the past 15 years. The new measure creates a more complex statistical picture incorporating additional items, such as tax payments, work expenses and in-kind benefits in its family resource estimates.

Thresholds used in the new measure are derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey expenditure data on basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing and utilities) and are adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing. The new thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government assistance.

Supplemental poverty measure family resources are defined as the value of cash income from all sources, plus the value of in-kind benefits that are available to buy the basic bundle of goods, minus necessary expenses for critical goods and services not included in the thresholds. In-kind benefits include nutritional assistance, subsidized housing, and home energy assistance. Necessary expenses that must be subtracted include income taxes, social security payroll taxes, child care and other work-related expenses, child support payments to another household, and contributions toward the cost of medical care and health insurance premiums.

Next week’s report will compare 2011 supplemental poverty estimates with 2011 official poverty estimates for numerous demographic groups. It will also provide state level supplemental poverty estimates using three years of Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement data and compare 2010 supplemental poverty estimates with 2011 estimates. In addition, the report will examine the effect of excluding individual resource or expenditure elements on supplemental poverty rates. 

For more details on the new measure, please see the technical appendix of the November 2011 report or the technical webinar presented prior to last year’s release.

Written by:  Marc Perry and Steven Wilson

Within metro and micro areas, what were the geographic patterns of population growth between 2000 and 2010? How did growth compare in the central and outlying census tracts of the areas? How did population growth vary by age group, or by race and Hispanic origin? How does population growth for the decade compare when you examine different distances from city hall for a metro area’s largest principal city?

These are just a few of the questions that can be addressed with an online thematic map viewer, released today, or the recently released 2010 Census Special Report,  Patterns of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Population Change: 2000 to 2010, and its associated online tools. The report examined population distribution and change in the nation’s largest centers of population and economic activity. The thematic map viewer complements the report and provides a high-resolution view of 2010 Census residential patterns and changes in those patterns since Census 2000 using all census tracts in the United States and Puerto Rico. The map viewer displays data for 34 different characteristics, including population density and change, race and Hispanic origin, and broad age groups. With the map viewer, you can look at national patterns and zoom in to any metro or micro area. Alternatively, you can use a handy query tool that allows you to scroll through an alphabetized list of areas or find an area by typing in an area’s title. Clicking within a metro or micro area brings up a pop-up window containing summary data for the statistical area and the United States, adding context to the tract-level results.

In addition to the online thematic maps, three other online tools released with the report provide more detailed views of individual metro or micro areas:

• Population pyramids showing age and sex structure
• Comparative distance profiles that graph U.S. metro area populations and visualize how they are spatially distributed in relation to their largest city’s city hall
• Excel files containing Census 2000 and 2010 Census data for each metro or micro area, with population change for the decade already calculated

This suite of tools is a great way to examine both the broader patterns for all metro and micro areas as well as to dive a little deeper into the data.  For example, the 2010 Census Special Report includes a section on metropolitan population distribution and change by distance from city hall. One of the findings showed metro areas with the largest population increase and decrease within two miles of the city hall for their most populous principal city, providing a general impression of the basic degree of centrality of a city’s population growth and decline.  Using the data from the online distance profiles tool—which contains population data in one-mile increments from city hall—we see somewhat different patterns for the narrower one-mile distance. The Chicago area is still the largest gainer, just as it had been for two miles, but San Diego, CA and Portland, OR join the list of areas with the largest numeric gains in population.

Intriguingly, some areas that declined in population within two miles saw population growth within the smaller one-mile distance. Baltimore, for instance, switches from population loss of about 10,000 at the two-mile distance to growth of almost 1,600 people within one mile. The pattern is visible in the below map of the central area of Baltimore City. Most of the census tracts in the one to two mile range from city hall show population declines, often of 10 percent or more, but within one mile of city hall, some tracts more than doubled in population. Other areas with losses of 5,000 or more at the two-mile distance but population gains in the smaller area include Toledo, Pittsburgh, and Grand Rapids.

Similarly, some areas with overall population growth at the two-mile distance also saw faster population growth within one mile.  In the Kansas City metro area, for instance, overall growth of about 1,000 persons at the two-mile distance reflected growth of 3,600 within one mile and population decline of 2,600 in the one-to-two mile range. In the map of the central part of the city of Kansas City, Mo., we see two census tracts more than doubled in population.

The report and additional content are available on the Census Bureau’s Internet site here.